Showing Metabocard for L-isoleucine (BASm0003160)

Common NameL-isoleucine
DescriptionIsoleucine (Ile) or L-isoleucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-isolecuine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Isoleucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Isoleucine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. In plants and microorganisms, isoleucine is synthesized starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Isoleucine is classified as a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). BCAAs include three amino acids: isoleucine, leucine and valine. They are alpha amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a beta branch point. Despite their structural similarities, BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. Isoleucine is catabolized via with alpha-ketoglutarate where upon it is oxidized and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). The acetyl-CoA can be fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies or fatty acids. The different metabolism of BCAAs accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine are required respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. BCAAs are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia. An inability to break down isoleucine, along with other amino acids, is associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (PMID: 34125801 ). Isoleucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287 ). Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822 ).
Structure
Molecular FormulaC6H13NO2
Average Mass131.17290
Monoisotopic Mass131.09463
IUPAC Name(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
Traditional NameL-isoleucine
CAS Registry Number73-32-5
SMILESCC[C@H](C)[C@H]([NH3+])C(=O)[O-]
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C6H13NO2/c1-3-4(2)5(7)6(8)9/h4-5H,3,7H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)/t4-,5-/m0/s1
InChI KeyAGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N
CHEBI IDCHEBI:58045
HMDB IDHMDB0000172
Pathways
NameSMPDB/PathBank
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
Transcription/Translation
2-Methyl-3-Hydroxybutryl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type III
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IV
Beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Methylmalonic Aciduria
Propionic Acidemia
3-Methylcrotonyl Coa Carboxylase Deficiency Type I
Isovaleric Aciduria
Azithromycin Action Pathway
Clarithromycin Action Pathway
Clindamycin Action Pathway
Erythromycin Action Pathway
Roxithromycin Action Pathway
Telithromycin Action Pathway
Amikacin Action Pathway
Gentamicin Action Pathway
Kanamycin Action Pathway
Neomycin Action Pathway
Netilmicin Action Pathway
Spectinomycin Action Pathway
Streptomycin Action Pathway
Clomocycline Action Pathway
Demeclocycline Action Pathway
Doxycycline Action Pathway
Minocycline Action Pathway
Oxytetracycline Action Pathway
Tetracycline Action Pathway
Lymecycline Action Pathway
Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency
3-hydroxyisobutyric acid dehydrogenase deficiency
3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria
Isobutyryl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency
Isovaleric acidemia
Tobramycin Action Pathway
Tigecycline Action Pathway
Arbekacin Action Pathway
Paromomycin Action Pathway
Rolitetracycline Action Pathway
Methacycline Action Pathway
Lincomycin Action Pathway
Chloramphenicol Action Pathway
Troleandomycin Action Pathway
Josamycin Action Pathway
StateSolid
Water Solubility1.14e+02 g/l
logP-1.73
logS-0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.79
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.59
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3
Hydrogen Donor Count2
Polar Surface Area63.32 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count3
Physiological Charge0
Formal Charge0
Refractivity34.09 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability14.27

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